8 Precariously Placed Cliff Towns
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1. Bonifacio, France
The ancient city of Bonifacio is located on the southern most tip of Corsica, France and is built onto limestone cliffs 230 feet above the harbor below. Because limestone is such a soft stone, over the years ocean water has eroded the base of the cliffs, making the old buildings hang directly over the ocean.
It’s no wonder Bonifacio has seen some wear and tear since the city has been around for a pretty long time. Skeletal remains of a woman dating back to 6570 BC (aptly named “Dame de Bonifacio”) were found in a cave in the northern region of the city. In addition, scholars argue there is a reference to Bonifacio in Homer’s “Odyssey,” when he describes a race of giant cannibals, called Laestrygonians, who live in a harbor very similar to Bonifacio’s.
Today Bonifacio has around 400 residents (none of whom are confirmed cannibal giants) and is a popular resort town for French and Italians. 
2. Ronda, Spain
Ronda is located in a mountainous area 2,500 above sea-level in the Andalusian region of Spain. The city was initially settled by Celts and was subsequently ruled by Romans, Moors and finally Catholic Spain in 1485. Ronda is built on the two peaks above the El Tajo canyon that has been shaped by the Guadalevin River that runs 330 feet below. Since the town is split on two hilltops, Ronda is connected by three bridges, one Moorish, one Arab, and the “newest,” Puente Nuevo, which was completed in 1793.
Both Ernest Hemingway and Orson Welles fell passionately in love with Ronda and spent summers in the old town quarter called La Ciudad, writing about the city’s famous bull fighting and troubled political history. Welles even chose the city as his final resting place – his ashes were scattered underneath his favorite tree just outside Ronda.
3. Santorini, Greece
The geography of Santorini was created by a volcanic eruption in 1600 BCE when a large island that existed there before was blown to bits and a small archipelago of islands surrounding a central lagoon was created. The islands of Santorini are located southeast of the main Greek islands in the Aegean sea. Although each small island is shaped differently, most of the hillsides of Santorini rise up over 950 feet from the lagoon below.
Many architectural elements of Santorini come from its history as an erupted volcano. The white washed, low-lying homes of the main island are often colored with volcanic ash and are usually constructed sideways or down into the earth in order to utilize the cool, volcanic pumice stone the city is built on.
4. Castellfollit de la Roca, Spain
With an area of less then one square kilometer, Castellfollit de la Roca is located in the Catalonian region of Spain and is home to fewer than 1,000 inhabitants. The unique geography of Castellfollit was created by lava flows thousands of years ago that ran over each other and hardened, forming a basalt crag. This crag was slowly eroded by two rivers until a small stretch of land was created that rises 165 feet from the rivers that still run below.
Castelfollit’s Old Town has origins in the medieval period and its dark and narrow streets haven’t changed much in hundreds of years. So it’s pretty surprising that the city was one of the first in Spain to have telephones installed in 1907. Since the town is so isolated, the mayor pushed to have telephones connecting Castellfollit and two other nearby towns. Phone lines weren’t available to the rest of Spain for another decade or so.
5. Machu Picchu, Peru
The Incan people began construction on Machu Picchu in 1430, 50 miles northwest of their capital in Cusco, Peru during the height of their empire’s power. A hundred years later it was mysteriously deserted, and to this day archaeologists and historians can’t agree on why it was created or what lead to its abandonment.
Machu Picchu’s location on a mountain top 1,500 feet above a river doesn’t make it the most likely spot for agriculture, but the Incan people’s impressive use of terraced landscaping made the otherwise un-farmable land perfect for growing crops.
The city of Machu Picchu has 140 structures, including houses and temples. And since the Incas were such exceptional stone masons, many of these structures are still in good condition, surviving hundreds of years and many earthquakes.
6. Rocamadour, France
Local legend says that Rocamadour, France was named after St. Amadour who fled to the 400 foot caves above the river Alzou to live a life of hermitage. Since his arrival, the city has become synonymous with spirituality and a place worthy of religious pilgrimage. In medieval times a monastic complex was built into the rocky cliffs of Rocamadour and French peasants and royalty alike flocked to the site. Today visitors can still visit the crypt of St. Amadour and pray in the Chapelle Notre Dame that contains a very famous 12th century Black Madonna.
Other then its famous religious history, Rocamadour also produces a famed local cheese, called “Cabecou of Rocamadour”, made from a secret medieval recipe using goat’s milk aged 6 days before serving.
Wondering when to visit Rocamadour? Try to get there in September when the city also hosts a festival called Montgolfiades where dozens of hot air balloons fly over the town. This stunning spectacle is held annually.
7. Meteora, Greece
Meteora, meaning “suspended in air”, is one of the most sacred Eastern Orthodox cities in Greece. It is made up of six monasteries built over thousands of years on sandstone rock pillars that rise over 1,000 feet from the ground.
Originally, the ancient rock formations were inhabited by hermit monks in the 9th century who built their homes in caves and fissures. Over the next thousand years, the location became increasingly popular, and six monasteries were built where the most devout Eastern Orthodox priests and nuns lived.
It wasn’t until the 1920s that stairs and a bridge were built to get to the monasteries; previously people were hauled up in mesh baskets.
8. Cuenca, Spain
Cuenca, Spain is a medieval town that has been a coveted military stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula for the Roman Empire, Arabs, and Christians (all before the 12th century) because of its placement on the top of a gorge above a rushing river. Given the varied cultures that called Cuenca their home, it’s no surprise the city has an incredible mix of architecture leftover from its former residents, including Our Lady of Grace, the first Gothic Style cathedral in Spain, and the ruins of an ancient Arab fortress.
But the city’s most famous buildings are called the “Casas Colgadas” or “Hanging Houses” that were built in the 15th century and literally hang over the cliff. One of these buildings now houses the Museum of Spanish Abstract Art, one of the best museums of its kind in Spain.
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